Sand raised grain with 40 garnet and dust. 5. Fill and wipe opengrained woods. Dry. 6. Sand with 30 garnet and dust. 7. Spray clear gloss lacquer. Dry. 8. Sand lightly with 50 garnet and dust. 9. Second coat clear gloss lacquer. Dry. 10. Sand lightly with 50 garnet and dust. 11. Third coat clear gloss lacquer. Dry. 12. Rub to satin finish. (See operation 12 of Natural Finish Varnish Schedule). Nongrainraising (NCR) stains although more expensive than water stains, are favored by many finishers because of their fastdrying, nonbleeding penetration. This fastdrying characteristic of the glycol solvent that has been substituted for water makes NGR stains difficult to brush on; furthermore, the very wetness of a brushed coat tends to raise the grain slightly. In home mixing, 1 qt of warm diethylene glycol (Carbitol) or ethylene glycol ¦ FURNITURE FINISHING 331 (Cellosolve or Prestone) can be mixed with 1 oz of aniline powder soluble in alcohol. Neither is a solvent for walnut crystals or nigrosine (black). In place of the latter, a deep blueviolet will prove satisfactory. To determine solubility, it is a good practice to wet a pinch of the powdered dye that has been placed on a blotter or piece of newspaper with a few drops of the warm solvent to make a ring. If the stain spreads to about two thirds of the wet circle the solvent may be considered satisfactory. Penetrating oil stains employ aniline powders soluble in naphtha, benzol, turpentine and even lowtest gasoline. Easy to apply with a brush, penetrating oil stains are nongrainraising but will penetrate more deeply into the soft parts of the wood. They will bleed through filler coats, varnish, and lacquer and hence must be sealed, preferably with a wash coat of shellac. End grain should be wiped immediately to prevent the stain from striking in too quickly; excess stain should be wiped from other surfaces to produce an even color. The sooner the surface is wiped the less penetration there will be and the lighter the stain. Spirit stains, composed of aniline powder, which h soluble in alcohol, will strike through almost any finishing coat and dry so rapidly that they are not suitable for brushing, unless a small amount of shellac is added to give body. Although spirit stains are subject to early fading, their ability to penetrate an old varnish finish renders them acceptable for refinishing and touchup work. Being alcohol soluble, the wash coat of shellac must be very lightly applied or it will lift and muddy the spirit stain. Shading stains are alcoholsoluble powders mixed with thin shellac, or lacquer thinner soluble powders mixed with lacquer. The added body conferred by the binder permits these stains to be used between finishing coats for shaded effects, or to conceal sap and mineral streaks. Pigment oil stains, consisting of colors ground in oil, mixed with linseed oil, turpentine or naphtha, from what is in reality a very thin paint, which tends to obscure the grain.