The colors are nonfading and nonbleeding and are habitually applied by brush. After being allowed to stand for about five minutes the surplus is lightly wiped off with a clean cloth. The shade can be controlled by the timing and pressure of the wiping. If wiped too soon or with too much pressure the resulting shade will be light; if less pressure is exerted or the wiping delayed, a darker shade will result. Delayed wiping, however, is apt to encounter a tacky, gummy surface, which must be overcome by moistening the cloth with turpentine. When applied to pine, fir, spruce, basswood, poplar, and redwood, a wash coat of shellac will prevent the stain from penetrating too deeply, and makes the wiping easier., Wiping stains are concentrated pigment oil stains that are used for shading or antiquing. As their name implies they are wiped off to expose highlights, as explained later in the chapter. They are also used in their concentrated form on softwoods such as white pine, poplar, and basswood, but should be reduced with naphtha for harder woods like maple, beech, birch, or gumwood. 33 2 FURNITURE MAKING AND CABINET WORK Varnish stains consist of a combination of pigment or aniline stain and varnish for an inferior onecoat job. Since such a stain lacks penetration it should never be applied to bare wood. Short Cuts. The finishing processes and schedules discussed thus far in the chapter have been based on the assumption that the painstaking craftsman has ample time at his disposal to produce a perfect finish. For the amateur finisher who has become adept in the use of the spray gun, and upon whom the time element may make frequent demands, several short cuts can be selected from the preceding pages, which, when carefully applied will produce an entirely satisfactory finish. For example, NGR fastdrying stains while more expensive than water stains are great time savers both in the matter of drying time and in eliminating the necessity for sanding off the raised grain fuzz. Again, quckdrying paste fillers are entirely satisfactory provided they are permitted to dry thoroughly, and, in the case of stained wood, can be applied without a preliminary sealer since their diffusion will be less noticeable. As already mentioned, a sanding sealer, properlyapplied, can equal two coats of lacquer in depth, and lacquer itself provides a characteristics of wood stains Pigment Water N ongrain Penetrating (wiping) stain raising stain oil stain Spirit stain oil stain Shading stain Use Hardwoods Hardwoods Softwoods Patching Softwoods Softwoods Refinishing Shading Hardwoods Coloring Aniline Aniline Aniline A.