If muslin liner () is added over the cotton layer before the outer fabric is applied, it will be readily apparent that the fundamental procedures in upholstering an overstuffed chair are no different from those employed in the assembly of a removable spring seat. Normally, home upholstering projects will be limited to repairs and recovering operations. Under these circumstances it is important that the old covering be carefully removed so that it can be used as a pattern for cutting the new material. For estimating the amount of unfigured material required, the following table will serve as a rough rule of thumb: fig. 6.21. Removal of old covering. UPHOLSTERY AND SEAT WEAVING 371 Approximate Table of Fabric Coverings (Without Designs) Number of 50 to 54 Type of Furniture cushions fabric Armchair (seat only) None П yd Boudoir chair None 2У2 yd Boudoir chair 1 3 yd Wing chair None 4 yd Wing chair 1 5 yd Club chair None 4 yd Club chair 1 5 yd Loveseat None 6У4 yd Loveseat 2 7У2 yd Couch (60 to 84 in.) None 7 yd Couch (69 to 84 in.) 3 9У yd Most domestic covering fabrics come 50 in. wide, with a few at 54 in.; some imported fabrics are woven in '36 in. widths. For fabrics with large designs as much as 3 yd must be added to allow for matching the individual figures. Fabric coverings. The table on the following page lists and describes some of the popular fabric coverings: Replacing webbing. Under ordinary use and care damage to upholstered furniture will first be manifested by sagging seat springs, as the result of loose or wornout webbing. Sometimes only one or two strips will have come loose and can be refastened, but usually the failure of a few strands is indicative of the need for replacement of the entire webbing base, particularly if its resiliency has dried out through age. The cambric dust covering should be unfastened on three sides to facilitate a thorough examination. It will of course be necessary to cut away the loops of twine that bind the bottoms of the springs to the crossed webbing. If the entire webbing base is to be removed, ithis will afford an opportunity for examining the cord ties, which should be replaced if broken. If a longer webbing stretcher is used and the piece under repair propped bottom side up, the webbing can be stretched by footpower, leaving both hands free (Figure 6.22). Longer nails must be used in replacing webbing, unless each tack can be so placed as to avoid old holes. Cement or rosincoated shingle nails are a useful size for this type of work. In order to avoid the removal of the webbing and the many loops of twine, if the springs have not burst apart from their tying cords, it is often possible to reinforce them permanently by stretching and nailing steel strapping over each fabric webbing strip, and lacing each metal strand in the same manner as the webbing was attached. As shown in (J) of Figure 6.1, the steel strapping is sold with an iron stretcher that levers each strand taut as it is being nailed.